South Africa's National Health Laboratory Service maintains a database of all public sector CD4 count and viral load (VL) test results since 2004. With no protection factors, non-adherence was 52%, with any one protection it was 37–40%, and with all three social protection, it was 18%. Effects of combination social protection were not multiplicative but were additive in predicted probabilities controlling for co-factors. Independent of these, three cash and care social protection factors were associated with reduced non-adherence: food security (2 meals/day) (OR=0.60, CI: 0.44–0.81, p<0.001) high parental/caregiver supervision (i.e. Analyses controlled for covariates: age, gender, location, perinatal/postnatal infection, treatment duration, ethnicity, maternal/paternal death, distance to clinic and general health. Postnatally infected and rural adolescents were at highest risk age and gender did not predict adherence. Past-week self-reported ART non-adherence was 36%, associated with increased opportunistic infections (p<0.002, SD=0.09). Predictors for death ≤6 months (baseline only) and progression to AIDS (baseline and time-updated) were broadly similar. The Table shows multivariable predictors of increased risk of death >6 months of cART. The rate of first AIDS-defining event was 0.88 (0.76–1.02)/100PY, including 31 (18%) HIV encephalopathy, 29 (17%) tuberculosis and 25 (14%) HIV wasting syndrome. The crude mortality rate was 2.50 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.86–3.38)/100 person-years (PY) in the ≤6 month period, and 0.27 (0.21–0.36) thereafter. There were 94 deaths and 174 first AIDS-defining events, of which 43 (46%) and 79 (45%) occurred within 6 months of cART initiation. At cART initiation, median (IQR) age was 5.2 (1.4–9.3) years, and 42% had severe WHO immunological stage. Of 3527 children, 32, 20, 18 and 30% were from the UK/Ireland, Thailand, Russia/Ukraine and the rest of Europe, respectively. Again, US RNA was the only significant predictor of the time to VR (HR=0.29 for patients with US RNA levels below vs. We assessed the predictive power of the last measurements of the biomarkers on ART before the therapy interruption, as well as of the duration of temporary ART, for the time to VR (the duration of post-treatment virological control). All patients achieved virological suppression (VS) (plasma HIV-1 viremia 50 copies/ml) within 9 months after therapy interruption.

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